Wild Geese By Mary Oliver - 2607 Words

Unit 3 Portfolio Assignment 1 Wild Geese† by Mary Oliver, is a poem that speaks deeply to many types of people with different personalities. This poem encourages the reader to let go of their shame of guilt and rather they should follow their heart, find the beauty, and become one with nature. Each and every one of us has a place on this earth, and although we all go through times of despair, the sun keeps shining and the earth keeps turning. When reading â€Å"Wild Geese† by Mary Oliver, I imagine the speaker being someone who has been through some dark and hard times. I imagine them as someone who has had to â€Å"walk on their knees† for a very long time, but has come out of it a stronger person, more in tune with themselves and with nature. The message I get from this poem is one of encouragement. I myself, having been through dark and difficult times it is easy for me to relate to this poem on a deeper level. Knowing from experience, it is difficult to not let the darkness consume you during times of suffering and depression, and it is almost impossible to not feel alone. While this poem recognizes those feelings, it also brings hope to the reader. No, suffering does not have to last forever, nobody is completely alone in this world, and we all have a place here on this planet. While first reading this poem aloud, I read very slowly, taking numerous pauses. Just from the first few lines of the poem, I felt that was the way it should be read. Just as it takes a great deal ofShow MoreRelatedWild Geese By Mary Oliver1581 Words   |  7 PagesWild Geese† by Mary Oliver, is a poem that speaks deeply to many types of people with different personalities. This poem encourages the reader to let go of their shame of guilt and rather they should follow their heart, find the beauty, and become one with nature. Each and every one of us has a place on this earth, and although we all go through times of despair, the sun keeps shining and the earth keeps turning. When reading â€Å"Wild Geese† by Mary Oliver, I imagine the speaker being someone who hasRead MoreAnalyzing Mary Olivers Poem Wild Geese633 Words   |  3 Pages make connections that are not always apparent, as well as discoveries about ourselves, our emotions, and out connections with the world. Mary Olivers poem, Wild Geese, for instance, speaks directly to the reader with encouragement, wonder, and hope. It does not rhyme in the conventional sense, and is more prose oriented. But, using the allusion of wild geese, soaring high above the basic cares of the world, we can completely understand Olivers view that all things are possible. Too, the poem isRead MoreEssay about Wild Geese by Oliver1304 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Wild Geese† is very different from many poems written. Oliver’s personal life, the free form of the poem along with the first line, â€Å"You do not have to be good,† and the imagery of nature contributes to Oliver’s intent t o convince the audience that to be part of the world, a person does not need to aspire to civilization’s standards. Oliver would write this poem because she did not conform to societies wishes. According to the Poetry Foundation, Oliver has never actually received a degree despiteRead MoreFreedom, A Birth-Given Entitlement Or A Manmade Privilege?1717 Words   |  7 Pagestime that Charlotte Perkins Gilman fabricated, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, any thought of Women s Rights was unorthodox; whereas when Mary Oliver indited, â€Å"Wild Geese,† women’s rights were legalized, but the past planted a notion that females should not have equal rights and these thoughts lingered in the mental and physical actions towards women. Although Mary Oliver s poem released almost a century after Charlotte Perkins Gilman s short story became publicized, the symbolism of the conventionalRead MoreMary Oliver As My Poet771 Words   |  4 Pagesusing Mary Oliver as my poet. Mary Oliver was born in 1935. I chose this poet, because her poems are primarily based on nature. I read a bibliograph y about Oliver, and found that the main themes in her poems are between humans and the natural world. I particularly like the way she conveys her poems. Before this assignment, I have not heard of Mary Oliver, but when I came across her poems they just stuck with me. The poems I chose are â€Å"The Journey,† â€Å"Song of the Builders,† and â€Å"Wild Geese.† IRead MoreSummary Of Wild Geese By Wendy Perkins916 Words   |  4 Pagesevery day. In Mary Oliver’s poem, â€Å"Wild Geese,† Mary writes about the torture of everyday life that people have to go through, but that those people also get an escape through their imagination. Mary explains that with imagination a person feels free on a whole different level, a more spiritual level. Life is full of letdowns and disappointments, but people have to push through. â€Å"Tell me about despair, yours, and I will tell you mine/Meanwhile the world goes on† (Lines 5-6), Mary states that peopleRead MoreHuman Dominion and Separation from Nature1049 Words   |  4 Pageschapters of the Bible because the common theme and justification of â€Å"human dominion over nature† stems from the primary story of the Bible in Genesis. This theme is often a subject of great sadness or annoyance for nature writers like Wordsworth and Mary Oliver; while authors like John Muir and Bill McKibben, whom do profess to the Christian faith, still see nature as something spiritual because â€Å"dominion† means not just given authority, but also given the responsibility for its protection. The firstRead MoreProcess of Discovering the Beauty of Individuality Essay1121 Words   |  5 Pages Being part of the â€Å"cool crowd† is every girl and boy’s secret desire. As we grow we come to realize that doing what everyone else does, does not make you more liked, but rather simply followers of the imaginary term â€Å"cool.† In â€Å"Corsage† and â€Å"Wild Geese† the main characters, like myself, began to understand the value of individuality and how being yourself is a person’s prize possession. The first day of high school was one of the most terrifying experiences I have ever had. The large buildingsRead More Ecopsychology Essay3891 Words   |  16 Pageslandscapes, over the prairies and the deep trees, the mountains and the rivers. Meanwhile the wild geese, high in the clean blue air, are heading home again. Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, the world offers itself to your imagination, calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting- over and over announcing your place in the family of things. Wild Geese by Mary Oliver Mary Olivers (Clinebell, 1996, p.188) poem has a lot to say about the relatively new approach to conservationRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pageshis or her own right and also exists in a system of family, organizational and social systems. The idea of exploring natural and social phenomena as systems is crucial in understanding modernist approaches to organization. The organization theorist Mary-Jo Hatch (1997) suggests that this idea of organizations as systems inspired much of the modern approach to organization theory and helps maintain continued support for modernism because it enables theorists and managers to understand organizations

Argument Of Galileo Dialogue Summary - 1965 Words

Galileo’s Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems uses powerful logic and simply described concepts to overcome the Aristotelian bias of the populous and argue in favor of Copernicus’ heliocentric view of the universe. Copernicus theorized that the earth, along with the other planets in the sky, is in motion around the sun. The Aristotelian’s geocentric worldview, that the earth is the motionless center of the universe, was deeply ingrained into the minds of the people and the teachings of the church. Galileo’s argument had to be not only incisive and logical to have any sway, but it also had to avoid offending or denying the ancient principles of thought proposed by Aristotle. He walked this delicate line between educating the public and†¦show more content†¦In parroting the principles of Aristotle, they â€Å"do not notice how much damage they do to his reputation, how much discredit they bring him, and how much they diminish his authority inst ead of increasing it† (199). These men take Aristotle’s good name and drag it through the mud by claiming that every one of his sayings is absolute truth, rather than the best possible hypothesis he could have made with his level of technology. By undermining the arguments of his opponents in this way, Galileo frees himself up to defer to Aristotle’s logical principles without invoking quotations of his conclusions. While Galileo holds little respect for those who take Aristotle’s theories at face value, he shows no lack of respect for the great philosopher himself. Galileo applauds the fact that Aristotle’s works are examined and closely studied, and â€Å"only blame(s) submitting to him in such a way that one blindly subscribes to all his assertions and accepts them as unquestionable dictates† (200). Galileo’s arguments for heliocentrism would convince any layman of their truth, but his opponents are so set in their ways that they would be unwilling to even listen to his concepts. When an opponent relies on ancient words and does not use ration to come to their beliefs, it is impossible to use ration to convince them otherwise. Galileo, in his effort to contest what his opponents consider incontestable,Show MoreRelatedGalileo1646 Words   |  7 PagesPueblo Community College Galileo Life after punishment Joe Davalos History 102 Western Civilization II Mr. Richard L. Rollins May 1, 2014 Joseph Davalos Mr. Richard Rollins History 102 Western Civilization II April 10, 2014 Galileo: life after punishment Galileo Galilei, born February 15, 1564 was a mathematics professor a scientist, astronomer and physisist. He attended the University of Pisa to study medicine in 1583. He was fascinated with many subjects, particularlyRead MoreGalileo And The Scientific Revolution1549 Words   |  7 Pages Quick Facts Name Galileo Occupation Astronomer, Scientist Birth Date February 15, 1564 Death Date January 8, 1642 Did You Know? Galileo supported the Copernican theory, which supports a sun-centered solar system. Did You Know? Galileo was accused twice of heresy by the church for his beliefs. He remained under house arrest the remaining years of his life. Did You Know? Galileo devised his own telescope, in which he observed the moon and found Venus had phases like the moon, proving it rotatedRead MoreEssay On Why We Need Biotech Foods And Crops957 Words   |  4 PagesGMO’s. And I decided to read it and there is a couple points in here that will help everyone better undersatnd the process of GMO’s. This article goes in depth about how the earth envolved and how it took time for it to evolve. It talks about how Galileo thought the earth was in constant orbit around the sun. The uncertainty that popularizes discussion regarding GMOs is not astray from the norm, and in order to bring the big picture back into perspective I reference a The New York Times article writtenRead MoreRelation Between Science and Religion Essay4079 Words   |  17 Pagesthe origin and nature of the universe and humanity, and they cannot all be true. Science and religion are thus like two circles which intersect or partially overlap. It is in the area of intersection that the dialogue takes place. And during the last quarter century, a flourishing dialogue between science and theology has been going on in North America and Europe. In an address before a conference on the history and philosophy of thermodynamics, the prominent British physicist P. T. Landsberg suddenlyRead MoreEssay on Berkeleys Idealism2000 Words   |  8 PagesBerkeleys Idealism In this essay I shall give the historical background to Berkeleys Idealism and then offer an argument for Idealism and suggest how an idealist could defend his theory against common objections and criticisms. Bishop George Berkeleys Idealism or Immaterialism is the theory that the physical world exists only in the experiences minds have of it. Berkeleys Idealism restricts minds to God, human beings, animals and whatever other spirits there may commonly thought toRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesstructure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite well. Their diversity, literacy, ethnic sensitivity, and relevancy should attract readers. Stanley Baronett. Jr., University of Nevada Las Vegas Far too many authors of contemporary texts in informal logic – keeping an eye on the sorts of arguments found in books on formal logic – forget, or underplay, how much of our daily reasoning is concerned not with arguments leading to truth-valued Read MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesbookmark, annotate and highlight as you please †¢ Self-assessment questions that identify your strengths before recommending a personalised study plan that points you to the resources which can help you achieve a better grade †¢ Key concept audio summaries that you can download or listen to online †¢ Video cases that show real managers talking about their own organisations †¢ Revision flashcards to help you prepare for your exams †¢ A multi-lingual online glossary to help explain key concepts †¢ Guidance

Organisational Culture And Organizational Culture

Organisational culture refers to ‘the shared beliefs and values guiding the thinking and behavioural styles of members’ (Cooke and Rousseau, 1988, in Bratton 2010: 334), indicating that employees who accept the common values of an organisation and put great effort on commitments are likely to build up a strong culture to an organisation. Edgar Schein (2004) proposed three levels of organisational culture. As employees go through changes, they gain experiences from the past, adapt to a new environment and develop ability to solve problem. The first level is artefacts, which include all visible characteristics of an organisation, for instance, the architectures/furniture in the office, uniforms of employees and language. These are the observable elements of an organisational culture and might influence the way and attitude of how the employees work. The second level is espoused values in which the influence patterns of observable behaviour at work can be recognised. Each m ember will impose dominant values and rules of conduct about the culture and these affect employees’ certainty to work under a particular area. The perceived value that can demonstrate reliability and be scientifically tested will be transformed into assumption. It then comes to the third stage of basic assumptions which are taken into granted and are difficult to change. When an assumption or belief about human nature was supported to be worked successfully, this frames how the reality should be and shapesShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture And Organisational Culture1063 Words   |  5 PagesOrganisational Culture Organisational Culture is defined as what the employees perceive and how this perception creates a pattern of beliefs, values and, expectations. Organisational culture differs from organizational climate. Climate refers to more temporary attitudes, feelings and perceptions of individuals (Schneider, 1990). Culture on the other hand is an enduring, slow to change, core characteristic of organisations which is an implicit often indiscernible aspects of organisations, climateRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Organisational Culture1916 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent interpretations on what organizational culture is; it can be defined as †¦ This essay will be discussing and explaining organizational culture and change, furthermore how culture can have an influence on behaviour at work. In addition there will be an discussion on the organizational culture of two UK businesses, as well Organisational Culture Organisational culture is described as a company’s personality or DNA. (Education Portal) has defined organisational culture as ‘a system of shared assumptionsRead MoreOrganizational Culture : Organisational Culture Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Culture Defined In accordance with the Business Dictionary, organizational culture (similarly entitled Corporate Culture) is the standards and conducts which subsidize to the distinctive communal and the psychosomatic atmosphere of an establishment. Organizational culture incorporates an establishment s expectancies, knowledges, perspective, and principles which sustain it, collectively, and is articulated in its individual-representation, internal workings, collaborations with theRead MoreOrganisational Culture And Organizational Culture2261 Words   |  10 PagesThroughout this essay organisational culture will be examined, including the two approaches mainstream and critical. What managers can do to shape culture and also an example of when culture has in fact been changed. Organisational culture can be acknowledged as the organisations personality; which is also referred to as corporate culture. Organisational culture is defined as the process of how things are dealt with within an organisation on a daily basis, affecting the employees and how they workRead MoreOrganizational Culture And Organisational Culture2209 Words   |  9 PagesLiterature on organisation culture has been involved rapidly and dynamically despite the relatively new to the concept (Schein, 2004). A considerable number of culture changes and management models have been developed by different scholars. The idea of management culture were hardly believed by many scholars. There are competing perspectives on the nature of organisational culture (Martin, Frost, and O Neill, 2006). The research method of organisational culture is fragmented and lacks ownershipRead MoreOrganizational Culture Change Challenges : Organisational Culture2033 Words   |  9 Pages Organisational Culture Change Challenges People and Organisational Culture Topics 1/2 Organisational Culture, 3/4 Change Management, 5/6 Managing Human Resources Assessment 1- T12016 Sharondeep Gill Ducere / University of Canberra â€Æ' The performance of an organization greatly depends on the ability of managers to effectively manage their workforce and resources. There is no single definitive classification of management functions and every organization has its own unique culture upon whichRead MoreOrganizational Behavior: Remaking Jcps Organisational Culture3994 Words   |  16 Pagesonwards. The contributions of Questrom and Castagna were more on optimizing business operation while Mike Ullman and Theilmann were more on changing the organisational culture. Shortly after joining as chairman and CEO of JCP in December 2004, Mike Ullman along with his top management team took various initiatives to change the climate and culture of JCP from the rigid one into more flexible and democratic environment. The most notable among these were the â€Å"Winning Together† principles (WTP), posterRead More‘Organizational Culture Can Be One of the Most Important Means of Improving Organizational Performance.â€⠄¢ Debate and Discuss.1357 Words   |  6 Pages‘Organizational Culture can be one of the most important means of improving organizational performance.’ Debate and discuss. Every Organization has a culture that constitutes the expected, supported and accepted way of work and behaviour.  Ã‚  These influence everyone s perception of the business from the chief executive to the lowest rank. Organisational culture can be described as the shared values, principles, traditions and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members actRead MoreOrganizational Culture and Sick Leave1536 Words   |  6 PagesOrganisational Culture and Sick Leave 1 Introduction Sick leave is a significant policy for both employees and employers in modern businesses. This policy can be problematic for Australian business, as employees that aren’t sick are taking leave. These illegitimate claims are causing them to lose millions of dollars. In the case study â€Å"sick leave costing employers† it is exploring the use of this leave in organisations by employees, when not sick. Since this is affecting Australian BusinessesRead MoreTo What Extent Can Organisational Culture Be Managed? Is Organisational Culture Critical to the Success of an Organisation?1417 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent can organisational culture be managed? Is organisational culture critical to the success of an organisation? Within the field of management, the success and failure of the modern business organisation has been largely depicted by the intricate concept of culture. Organisational culture, a concept borrowed from borrowed mostly from anthropology typically is defined as a complex set of values, beliefs, assumptions and symbols that define the way in which an organisation conducts and

The Death Of Janie Crawford Tragedy And The American Dream

The American Psychological Institute states that the current divorce rate is around forty to fifty percent for first marriages and even higher for second and third marriages. The upward trend of divorce rates in America has many Americans concerned about the decreasing emphasis on commitment and family values that often results from divorce. In Zora Neale Hurstons’s Their Eyes Were Watching God, the protagonist, Janie, experiences three marriages, one of which ends in divorce and the other two in death. Many readers may question the values of Janie and her seemingly ‘gold- digger’ Nanny as they both seem to be chasing the unattainable, a perfect marriage with a rich husband. As the novel plays out, the reader goes deeper into Nanny and Janie’s values and how they affect Janie’s three marriages. In the article â€Å"The Death of Janie Crawford: Tragedy and the American Dream in Their Eyes Were Watching God,† Darryl Hattenhauer correctly id entifies Nanny as someone who would want Janie to follow her dreams in Zora Neale Hurston s Their Eyes Were Watching God; meanwhile, Hattenhauer incorrectly believes that Nanny would not want Janie to marry Jody. In Darryl Hattenhauer’s literary criticism article â€Å"The Death of Janie Crawford: Tragedy and the American Dream in Their Eyes Were Watching God†, Hattenhauer explains that Janie leaving Logan Killicks for Joe, Jody, Starks â€Å"affirms Nanny’s advice that Janie have a dream and follow it† (Hattenhauer 7). When Hattenhauer uses theShow MoreRelatedTheir Eyes Were Watching God2014 Words   |  9 Pagesturns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by time.† For women, â€Å"the dream is the truth† (Houston 1), then they act and do things accordingly. Jay Gatsby in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby and Janie Crawford in Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God both have a cherished aspiration unfulfilled that caused a void in their life when that dream was not realized.   Indeed, despite the strong human yearning to fulfill a dream, not everyone can achieve what is hopedRead More â€Å"Ships a t a Distance†: Dreams in Their Eyes Were Watching God1945 Words   |  8 PagesWatching God with an eloquent metaphor regarding dreams: â€Å"Ships at a distance have every man’s wish on board. For some they come in with the tide. For others, they sail forever on the horizon, never out of sight, never landing until the watcher turns his eyes away in resignation, his dreams mocked to death by Time (Hurston 1).† Hurston describes here how some dreams are achieved with time while others lurk out of reach until the dreamer gives up. Janie Crawford, protagonist of Their Eyes Were Watching GodRead More Contrasting Native Son and Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay4128 Words   |  17 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper examines the drastic differences in literary themes and styles of Richard Wright and Zora Neale Hurston, two African--American writers from the early 1900s. The portrayals of African-American women by each author are contrasted based on s pecific examples from their two most prominent novels, Native Son by Wright, and Their Eyes Were Watching God by Hurston. With the intent to explain this divergence, the autobiographies of both authors (Black Boy and Dust Tracks on a Road) areRead MoreEssay about The Growth of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God2970 Words   |  12 PagesThe Growth of Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Human beings love inertia. It is human nature to fear the unknown and to desire stability in life. This need for stability leads to the concept of possessing things, because possession is a measurable and definite idea that all society has agreed upon. Of course, when people begin to rely on what they know to be true, they stop moving forward and simply stand still. Zora Neal Hurston addresses these general human problems in her novelRead More Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay2416 Words   |  10 Pagessolution is simple: quot;Yuh got tuh go there tuh know there.quot; Janie sets out on a quest to make sense of her inner questionings- a void she knew she possessed from the moment she sat under the pear tree. quot;She found an answer seeking her, but where?...where were the shining bees for her (11)?quot; Though tragedy invades her life, it does not cripple her, but strengthens her. Alone at novels end, having loved and lost, Janie sits in her home, banished of the quot;feeling of absence and nothingnessRead More Finding Hope in Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay3095 Words   |  13 Pagessolution is simple: Yuh got tuh go there tuh know there. Janie, like characters in earlier novels, sets out on a quest to make sense of her inner questionings--a void she knew she possessed from the moment she sat under the pear tree. She found an answer seeking her, but where?...where were the shining bees for her (11)? Though tragedy invades her life, it does not cripple her, but strengthens her. Alone at novels end, having loved and lost, Janie sits in her home, banished of the feeling of absence

Industry Report Sample on Niche Tourism

Question-Complete a major industry report on one of the forms of niche tourism products? TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SIGNIFICANCE OF DARK TOURSIM STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED TARGET AUDIENCE AND THEIR MOTIVATION TYPES OF PRODUCT POTENTIAL IMPACTS FUTURE CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATION CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION Dark Tourism is a special kind of tourism activity that is based on their motivation and interest of the tourists to visit places that are related with death. In tourism there are various destinations to visit. Dark Tourism is a niche product of tourism that is connected with the places where historical death has occurred (Tarlow, 2005). According to Sharpely and Stone (2009), the dark tourism is becoming one of the most popular attentions of the tourists. This report will emphasize in understanding the motivation of the tourists behind dark tourism. SIGNIFICANCE OF DARK TOURSIM Dark Tourism is also known as Thana tourism. Dark Tourism is a cultural representation of specific passing has been alluded to as a contemporary interceding foundation between the living and the dead (Walter, 2009), whilst Stone (2011a, p. 25) proposes, ''Dark tourism gives a chance to mull over death of the Self through looking upon the Significant Other Dead''. Stone (2011b) likewise contends that Dark tourism encounters, at any rate for some individuals for generally at a few destinations, is less about expending stories of death, in any case, rather, of considering life and living notwithstanding unavoidable mortality. Dark tourism is unequivocally identified with society and legacy tourism and history plays a vital part in it. Thus dark tourism would help the people to understand the culture of their nation more effectively. STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED The stakeholders involved in Dark Tourism are: Government- The government can develop their by learning from the history and avoid the occurrence of turmoil. Tourists- Tourists get the opportunity to learn the issues that the world has faced, can build up strong bonding with the place and also articulate their thoughts about the interests. Private Sector like Tour Operator, Guide- They brings in profit for the nation. For instance, Ground Zero is become the top attraction of the city which brings in 1.8million visitors every year. Local Community The local community benefits due to increase in the job opportunities which helps to develop the economy. The money collected from the tourism is reinvested for the development of the community which brings in profit and stabilizes and diversify the economy. TARGET AUDIENCE AND THEIR MOTIVATION There are two types of tourists who love to visit dark sites. Niche market with specific interests in investigating the clash were youngsters as single person explorers, youngsters as a piece of a college bunch with an instructive enthusiasm toward peace studies or solidarity groups, clash determination or some other socio-political methodology who share collective VFR(visiting friends and relatives) and political ideology. Another segment is the generic segment like leisure travelers who love to visit the dark sites for short break or partly VFR (Causevic and Lynch, n.d.). Despite the fact that a generally settled upon conceptualization of traveler inspiration build is still failing to offer, the pull-push model has turned into a standout amongst the most well known ideas of vacationer inspiration and has been utilized by numerous researches. According to pull strategy the traveling decisions are made due to the extrinsic factors or external destination motivators where as the internal factors influence the psychology of the visitors and push them to make traveling decisions. Dann (1981) says that push factors include need for novelty, escape and self-esteem from traveling and pull factors include the attractions of the destinations, friendliness experience etc. Crompton (2004) argues that push factors include escape, self- evaluation and exploration, prestige, relaxation, regression, facilitation, enhancement linked to tourists and pull factors include education, novelty etc. As indicated by Tarlow (2005) there are four essential feelings which connect on a Dark visitor's mental state: instability, appreciation, quietude and predominance. Going by a Dark fascination can raise numerous emotions and Dark tourism can be seen in different ways. Sentiments of sentimentalism can be stirred from going to a war zone, where the guest can envision battling for a particular reason. Locales of brutality make a guest feel empathy for the victimized people and better than the culprits by showing how savage people can be. Moutinho (2000) on the other hand indicates that there is another era of travelers rising. Rather than a vacationer the voyager has turned into a searcher. Inspirations incorporate finding oneself, ability to know distinctive societies and to get to know a zone's or nation's "mental air", fauna and verdure. The searcher has the need to investigate, including energizing and even dangerous activity, to encourage the need identified with information and interest. TYPES OF PRODUCT The other products of Dark Tourism are (Kendle, 2008): Disaster Tourism- An attack on visitors due to some natural disaster like tsunami, Hud Hud cyclone where they face lot of issues due to natural calamity. It is a subset of Grief Tourism. Grief Tourism- It is all about visiting the place where some tragic event has occurred. The place may include battle sites, concentration camps, seeing cemeteries etc. Example Drass and Kagil area in Indo Pak War or visiting Ground Zero after 9/11 attack in New York. Doomsday Tourism- This refers to visiting the places that are under threat due to global warming or some environmental issues. This can be visiting Arctic Glaciers. Poverty Tourism- It is all about visiting the poverty incapacitated towns or the slum areas. This gives an interest towards the human trait and makes the visitor understand about the other part of life. Visiting poor area of India or squatter camp in South Africa and Soweto. Suicide Tourism- This tourism has two forms; one is it includes different laws associated to euthanasia of various nations like in European countries like Switzerland, Netherland and Belgium, lively euthanasia is legal thus many ill people visit those place to die legally. Another form is people travel to the places to jump and commit suicide. POTENTIAL IMPACTS At first, dark tourism makes another experience for sightseers who look for unexpected exploit that are not quite the same as their commonplace lives. Other tourism, for example, volunteerism and ecotourism are the normal sorts of tourism. At times it makes a Dark get-away idea for individuals who are more liberal and who would need to investigate the world. It is likewise individual temperament to need to observer the anguish of others, which structures from the interest of the brain. Dark tourism is an intriguing tourism where going by the death camps, fight destinations and cemeteries can give the direct knowledge of hardship through our special eyes. Dark tourism is a multi-Darkensional encounter that can have a profound effect in life (Daams, 2007). Likewise, Dark tourism additionally serves to create salary for the group, which is influenced by the disaster to remake itself. Sightseers who visit these catastrophe areas are really serving to accumulate voyagers dollars, which can help local people. Without the visitor's dollars coming in, it is harder for local people to return to their lives before the catastrophe struck. Case in point in New Orleans, after the Hurricane Katrina, the city's tourism figures dropped to 35 percent of what they were in 2004. A surge in tourism is crucial for the city to effectively reconstruct (Daams, 2007). An alternate spot of fiasco would be the Ground Zero in New York. There are visits, which permit gatherings to stroll on the floor of the previous World Trade Center at the grown-up cost of $25 and kids' cost of $15. While the vast majority of the guests come to pay their appreciation, some might simply want to view the advancement on development (Reed, n.d). Some individuals may believe that Dark tourism really gives a contrary effect on the destitute prosperity instead of enhancing their lives. Benefits from the voyagers were utilized for something else as opposed to helping these destitute to enhance their expectation for everyday life. As expressed by Swart, (2008), 'Faultfinders slate dallying with the urban underbelly as exploitative, voyeuristic and an attack of protection. At the same time slum visits are likewise lauded for bringing issues to light of destitution and bringing tourism dollars to groups in need. FUTURE CHALLENGES Though people visit dark sites due to their interest and curiosity, there exist few challenges which can have negative impact on the industry in future. Operational challenge: Tour operators of Dark Tourism may be to scaffold the existential crevice between the without a moment's hesitation of the traveler and the occasion of more than a large portion of a century former and to change over the dedication thing into a live memory. Mover over such visit administrators need to give not just the instructive perspectives by the encounter with death yet moreover mastermind the visit as carefully and delicately as would be prudent as some of dark sightseers need to recollect a specific dead individual, perhaps their relative or dead social order, which is regularly the case in cemetery tourism and combat zone visits. Miles proposes that reviewing or animating the recorded occasions and the related instruction is not the discriminating achievement considers certain level of compassion encased in the middle of exploited people and guests for administrators to be productive. The dark tourism aggressive environment is molded by domains, for exa mple, digital tourism, recorded tourism, medieval and reality while these get to be progressively obscured and hard to recognize with the area of Dark tourism(Papathanassis, 2011). Ethical Challenge: Tour operators are responsible for educating and entertaining the visitors about the darks sites but sometimes they charge money for this. Thus charging money for describing macabre and horrible stories is wrong. Sometimes the random stories are made instead of giving the proper facts this gives the visitors wrong information about the site (Garcia, 2012). RECOMMENDATION The recommendations are as follows: Government should focus on returning the benefits to the local by supporting educational programs and welfare programs Should endeavor to find effective balance among the private sectors and local community and also involve the local people in planning process to avoid conflicts. The local community people must take part in destination planning during the period of tourism consultation. The tour operators must strictly monitor and regulate the laws and ethics to avoid money business and also should respect and preserve the intrinsic quality and authenticity of the sites. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the report identified that the dark tourism industry, though it is a niche product of tourism, still, it has some positive impacts on the country like business opportunities, educational value, development of the local community and further improving the economy of the country. The report also identified that there are five different dark tourism products. Since the main focus of the report was to understand the motivation behind the dark tourism site visits, it is found from the past literatures that there exists push and pull factors that influence the traveling decision. REFERENCES Causevic, S. and Lynch, P. (n.d.). The significance of dark tourism in the process of tourism development after a long- term politica. Crompton, J. (2004). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Teoksessa Williams, Stephen (toim.), Tourism. Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences, 2, pp.84--101. Daams, E. (2007). Dark Tourism: Bearing Witness or Crass Spectacle?. Dann, G. (1981). Tourist Motivation: An appraisal. Annals of tourism research, 8(2), pp.187-219. Garcia, B. (2012). Management issues in dark tourism attractions: The case of ghost tours in Edinburgh and Toledo. Journal of Unconventional Parks, Tourism Recreation Research (JUPTRR), 4(1). Kendle, A. (2008). Dark Tourism: A Fine Line Between Curiousity and Exploitation - Vagabondish. Moutinho, L. (2000). Strategic management in tourism. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. Papathanassis, A. (2011). The long tail of tourism. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, pp.11-13. Reed, C. (n.d.). Shedding Light on Dark Tourism - GoNOMAD Travel. Sharpley, R. Stone, P.R. (eds) (2009)The Darker Side of Travel: The Theory and Practice of Dark Tourism. Aspects of Tourism Series, Channel View Publications: Bristol, UK. Stone, P. R. (2011a). Dark tourism experiences: Mediating between life and death. In R. Sharpley P. R. Stone (Eds.), Tourist experience: Contemporary perspectives (pp. 2127). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge Stone, P.R. (2011) Dark Tourism and the Cadaveric Carnival: Mediating Life and Death Narratives at Gunter von Hagens' Body Worlds.Current Issues in Tourism, Vol 14, Issue 7, pp.685-701. Swart, G. (2008). For richer, for poorer. [online] Brisbanetimes.com.au. Tarlow, P. 2005. Dark Tourism. Novelli, M. (edited) Niche tourism: Contemporary issues, trends and cases. Oxford: Elsevier Buterworth-Heinemann Walter, T. (2009). Dark tourism: Mediating between the dead and the living. In R. Sharpley P. R. Stone (Eds.), The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism (pp. 3955). Aspect of Tourism Series, Bristol: Channel ViewPublications

Constitutional Law Parliamentary Sovereignty

Question: Evaluate the accuracy of Alders assessment of Parliamentary Supremacy today. Your analysis must include not only domestic challenges to the doctrine but, in addition, the impact of any international law which has been incorporated into UK law? Answer: Introduction: Parliamentary sovereignty is a vital concept in the aspect of constitutional law. According to this concept, the parliament is supreme over all other organs of the government. The government has three organs which includes executive, judiciary and legislative. Now according to this theory the legislature enjoys the superior power among these three organs. According to this theory, the parliament can make create any law freshly, and it does not depend on any precedent or executive actions. The theory can collide with the theory of separation of power theory that generally limits the power of the legislature. This theory also restricts the scope of judicial review by which the judiciary can judge the validity of any legislations passed by the legislature. The United Kingdom is the state where the parliamentary sovereignty is very prominent. In UK, there are two kinds of sovereignty which includes legal and political aspect. In the aspect of UK, parliament is not politically sovereign. If the parliament constructs any unwanted or impractical laws, that will not applied in the practical sense. But that does not include the concept that parliament is not a legally sovereign entity. In the light of the case of Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke, it was claimed by Lord Reid that certain things are considered to be impractical or unconstitutional for the parliament of UK. But that thing does not mean that Parliament has no authority to do the act. If the action is taken by the parliament, the court merely does not invalidate the law or the authority of the parliament. Alders evaluation in regards to Parliamentary Supremacy: The principle of parliamentary supremacy states that parliament posses the ultimate power to enact any law, and the decision cannot be overridden by any other authority or organ of government. In the case of, Jackson v A-Git was stated that this is the most important doctrines in the British Constitution. Alder in his book state that state that the classic theory of parliamentary supremacy was given by A.V. Dicey. Parliamentary supremacy considered to be legal but opposed to the principle of political theory because it defines that the parliament is above al. In the case of Pickin V British Railway Boardstates that for the action of parliamentary supremacy the valid laws might be predestined as unconstitutional in the broader political aspect. According to Alder judges, recognised the constitutional law and politics are not separated with each other. R v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs is the important case in this aspect which states that the exclusive power of Parliament drives from its representative character. Jackson v A-G the important case on which Lord Hope describe that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty is an ineffective principle that has no validity if the parliament passes unambiguous, unconstitutional or unacceptable principle that the people of the country will not try to recognise as law. Dicey distinguishes the political and legal sovereignty. According to Dicey legal sovereignty, includes that the power of the lawmaker is absolute and conditional. But the political sense that that the law must be maintained which is recognised by the populations of the nation. Alder criticised the view of Dicey and state that Dicey by his theory indicates that the electorate even though today it might somewhat be the monetary or expert network with advantaged access to politicians. The internal and external political limits on the lawmakers are described by Dicey. The internal limits refer to the inherent rules and practice with the parliament. In the Parliament, an amalgamation of the conventions needs the Queen to consent to the entire legislations. The political and ethical pressures imposed by the conventions are also the part of internal limits partially. The external limits comprise of all the matters which deals with the people on whom the law is going to apply. But in reality according to Alden, the parliament cannot pass any law according to its wish. Alder in his book specifies that the version of Dicey in regards to the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy is in question. The theory states that the concept required external requirements and under the common law legal system the ultimate guardian of the Constitution is court. So, it can be confirmed that the concept of parliamentary supremacy is obsolete if it lose the public support. The theory of Alder is a modern concept. He describes the concept of parliamentary supremacy on the light of UK. He claimed that. As UK has no written constitution, so the foundation of parliamentary sovereignty is not a clear concept. Alder criticized that it is not desirable that all the legal power is confined to just an organ of the government. So, the alteration in the theory is required. The parliamentary sovereignty theory is based on the test of time and its applicability and adaptation. The theory based on the political ideology. If the ideology is changing, the concept of the doctrine will also change. In the case of R (Factortame Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport, it was decided by Lord Bridge that the parliamentary supremacy concept can be modified by the parliament itself. According to revival theory, this concept is extracted from common law constitutionalism. So, therefore the courts are obeying the rule made by the parliament. In the case of Jackson v. A-G, it c ase claimed that this concept can be established by common law in the absence of the higher authority. In his theory, Alder described the challenges of parliamentary sovereignty. There were several arguments that indicate the fact that the parliament can also be legally limited. Alder claimed that the basis of this doctrine relied upon the acceptance from the subjects of a nation. Primarily this doctrine was developed as a historical response to the then political situation. It is initiated to reduce the dictatorship of the monarch. But the approached changed every day. The old conceptualisation of this doctrine is become obsolete now. Dicey provide his theory at the Victorian period that may be suitable for that occasion. The citizen of England was to some extent benefited by that system. The reason is that it relieves them from the mismanagement of the spoil empire. But presently this theory is out of date. The doctrine seems to be unreal, narrow-minded, rationally tattered. Certain internal and external forces made this theory outdated for the present situation. The forces can be c lassified as domestic and as well as the international sources. The sources include global economy, decentralization, delegation, membership in EU, related international obligation and increasing the power of the executive organ of the parliament. Alder claimed that there was no relevance of the doctrine in the modern context. The reason is that there is no political agreement that the parliament must hold the supreme legal authority. There is no such legally resonating also. Alder identifies the major challenges to the theory. The main question arises in this context is that if the UK parliament made any law regarding the independence of the certain territory, later on whether the parliament enjoys the right to amend the decision? In the decision of Blackburn v. A-G, Lord Denning states that if any principle become totally out of the line, that principle needs the reconsideration. Evaluation of the theory of Alder in the modern context: The theory developed by Alder in regards to parliamentary supremacy is very relevant in the modern context. He opposed the view of Dicey. He explained that the parliamentary supremacy is not absolute, and it depends on the acceptability of the subjects. He claimed and identified different domestic issues regarding the applicability of parliamentary supremacy theory as a whole. The relevance of the theory can be judged by defining the lope holes of the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy. The British administration by the asset of Royal Prerogative has an authority to go into any international treaty that can join the nation. On the other hand, the principle of parliamentary supremacy entails that no modification of the privileges of British people without the consent of Parliament. These privileges can be modified merely by other legislation of Parliament. Accordingly, if the United Kingdom does not desire to be in contravention of its international responsibilities, the Parliament needs to fit in international law under the law the United Kingdom. The ascendancy of International law was decided in the case of ECJ in Costa v. ENEL in 1964. It reflects the detail that international law is greater to domestic laws. On the other hand, International law takes priority in the situation of a clash with requirements of domestic law. Furthermore, these requirements were prepared, so International laws are higher still to that domestic law that were ratified later. It was decided before the privileges of persons within the United Kingdom can be modified just by legislations of Parliament. For that reason, the Parliament needs to pass a law that included the requirements of Lisbon Treaty to the United Kingdom law, to that these requirements are in action in the territory of United Kingdom.In consideration of the principle of parliamentary supremacy taken into deliberation, particularly two sections of that Act is supposed to be scrutinised. On the other hand, the Lisbon Treaty launched a significant condition that openly corroborates the privilege of Member States to remove from the European Union. It is mentioned in Article 50of TEU. These stipulations highlight the disagreement that United Kingdom remains abide by the EU law as extended as the Parliament desires to stay in the EU. Consequently, it should be confirmed that the amalgamation of that Lisbon Treaty into the United Kingdom regulation must put the principle of parliamentary supremacy under supplementary damage and in hypothesis this principle still triumph in the domestic law of theUnited Kingdom. uropean Communities Act 1972 put into practice the Trea Dicey considered Parliament as protector of elementary rights and as elected council of citizens most excellently placed to the equilibrium of human rights with the community interest. Conventionally the judges establish that elementary rights might beshortenedby Parliament in the interest of the public. In the case of Entick v Carrington the decision was taken by the court. TheHuman Rights Act 1998comprises theEuropean Convention on Human Rightsand is a legitimate foundation. Section 3 of theHuman Rights Act 1998needs courtsas far as probableto interprets the domestic law as well-matched with the right of Convention. The judges obtain a purposive outlook to do so as mentioned in the case of Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza. Section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998permits the High Court and other courts to set aside legislations that are unsuited with Conventional rights so far. Section 10 of theHuman Rights Act 1998let the administration formulate delegated legislationcorrective instructions, which Parliament have to support. There is no compulsion to do that, but the political force to do that has the guide to some conflicting it has turned out to be a constitutional conference for the matter to be cured when recognized in this method. Section 19 of theHuman Rights Act 1998needs a Minister to construct declaration of compatibility for the fresh law on this permits the court to assume the Act is supposed to be interpreting in a companionable manner. An administration may also make a decision to carry on with legislation that is not well-suited. Section 6 of theHRAmakes it unlawful for public authority act in way incompatible with Convention privileges; this might be superseded by legislation and but never includes aperson works out purpose in association with events in Parliament. Decentralization has a negligible effect on the Parliamentary Supremacy Doctrine. TheScotland Act 1998permits the Scottish assembly to construct on non-reserved regions like health and education but not on the reserved areas like, as overseas policy, defence r the matters constitution. It performs in the same way to a central constitution, wherever the Scottish assembly is a secondary parliament and could not make law for England Wales. Theadministration of Wales Act 1998gives authority to the Welsh legislature to create delegated legislation, not legislations and theadministration of Wales Act 2006expands these to some extent improved legislative power mentioned as assembly power. The European Court of Justice renownedthat all members have partial sovereign privileges, although within restricted fieldsas mentioned in the case of Costa v ENEL. If the United Kingdom violates a conventional compulsion, it will be assumed that it violates international law and countenance action in ECJ. If a pact necessitates a modification of law, legislative body must approve the employed legislation and judges will merely implement if the agreement compulsion has been passed in domestic law as mentioned in the case of Blackburn v Attorney-General. TheEuropean Communities Act 1972put into practice theTreaty of Accession 1972. Section 2(1) of the European Communities Act 1972gives the consequence in the United Kingdom to straight appropriation. Section 2(4) needs United Kingdom judges to provide precedence to directly effectual EU legal rules. EU law can be unswervingly effective if it is obvious, accurate and unqualified. InLitster v Forth Dry Docks, where the national legislation had been put into practice to provide outcome to an EU command it was understand by applying purposive approach, in spite of the decision being opposing to the factual connotation of that Act. On the other hand, the judges will not acquire a purposive study if it generates abendof domestic law as mentioned in the case of Webb v EMO Air Cargo. State accountability may happen from breakdown to enact any Act, which provide the generous result to EU law or faulty completion and can guide to the judges presentation compensation for the loss. EU law can also weaken the role of assembly as the protector of privileges. To declare the doctrine of parliamentary supremacy, the legislation European Union Act 2011needs a reminder before the United Kingdom concur treaty alteration or additional transport of authority to the European Union. The Act also creates Parliamentary preeminence a constitutional principle. Conclusion: After all the discussion, it can be confirmed the theory of A.V. Dicey regarding the parliamentary sovereignty is not suitable fully in the modern context. Alder criticized the theory and stated that the parliamentary supremacy depends on the acceptance or desire of the people or subjects. The theory of Alder is more acceptable in the modern concept. The parliamentary supremacy is a concept that creates the issue to those international laws that are incorporated in the law of United Kingdom. The paper identifies several domestic as well as international aspects where the theory creates the problem in modern context. So, the theory of parliamentary supremacy, as provided by Dicey, cannot be acceptable fully in the contemporary world. 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